Future Values in Business Aviation - What's Certain?

headlines move articles not always facts

Depending on who you ask - the 2020 biz av market is either booming or on the verge of total collapse. That’s a bit of the world we live in today - hardline positions make for more entertaining arguments and surely help boost search results, but they make it difficult for the rest of us who just want real facts. Misinformation can leave the business aviation industry exposed to an undue optics problem that can ultimately lead to market instability. I’m not breaking out the crystal ball today (I’ll save that for future posts), but here are the facts you need to know.

The Truth…

Extremes are statistically rare. Without delving into the raw mechanics, it’s important to understand that the market always seeks balance and stability. That means that if someone is forecasting record-breaking growth or the world’s largest bust - your spidey-senses should be tingling.

The reality is, it’s tricky to forecast a single segment’s movement and even more so an entire industry. Does movement in the single-engine turboprop market have a huge bearing on the stability of large cabin biz jet sales? No, not necessarily. Business aviation serves as a support role for so many industries, and aircraft classes can serve distinct market segments that may help bolster (or bust) their values.

Here’s the “inside” scoop - the lower the intrinsic utility of the aircraft the more volatile the values will be. It may seem simple and it is really, but this concept has caught the market off guard more than once. During the financial crisis of 2008, the business aviation market faced major market instability with values plummeting across all aircraft types and classes. However, those that suffered the most were those with a lower intrinsic utility to their respective owners. In some cases, large-cabin business jet values fell by over 50% between 2008-2009. Certainly, these aircraft had more to lose in terms of monetary value but a close look at market conditions would reveal that while a high-utility turboprop like the King Air 350 did have an accelerated value loss after 2008, the market overall remained liquid; while an aircraft like the Gulfstream GIV-SP suffered a nearly 40% loss in core value due to downward market pressure from a flooded market (among other factors) which was not an uncommon sight among heavier business jets. I’m not picking on the GIV-SP as a “low-utility” aircraft, it’s a good airplane, but the reality is, the market certainly believed it had lower utility than a King Air - it’s much harder to pivot a GIV-SP from carrying executives from industries that simply no longer possess the capital for continued operation to say, carrying cargo. The great news is manufacturers are more aware of this dynamic now more than ever - low utility aircraft simply don’t sell well.

OEM’s Want a Stable Future

Manufacturers across all types and classes are focused on delivering aircraft that deliver exceptional value to the widest variety of customers. That doesn’t mean that OEM’s are less concerned with delivering a great on-board experience - but they need the “bling” to be backed by discernible value for the customer - like being able to fly faster, further, and higher than ever before while staying connected to what’s happening at the office in real-time. This pressure to innovate or become obsolete has never been more apparent. Over the past decades, we have witnessed a continual consolidation of OEM’s that were not able to keep pace with an industry set on moving forward and overall, that’s good for the consumer. OEM’s that are dedicated to creating true value for their customers not only build better airplanes but are helping assure a more sustainable future for business aviation.

Here’s the Takeaway:

• Market forecasts are not always reliable and that’s a problem for consumers and the business aviation industry.

• Forecasting values of all of business aviation is disingenuous. Biz av supports a huge variety of industries, many of which, have very little effect on one another.

• The intrinsic value an aircraft serves to its consumers is a huge driver of market stability - low utility aircraft will suffer the most during market downturns.

• Aircraft manufacturers care about the future. No group has more at stake to guarantee that their planes have a long-lasting value-add for their customers. Especially in a world where consumers are more sensitive to purchasing assets that offer quantifiable ‘real-world’ value.

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Cameron Tipton, ASA, ARM-MTS

Author:

Cameron Tipton, ASA, ARM-MTS

accredited senior appraiser

appraisal review & management - mts

Flight Level Partners

What is Appraisal Review? (and why it's important)

The Credibility of an Entire Profession

Appraisers of all disciplines perform a critical role in the financing, insuring and transacting of all sorts of assets. While appraiser’s do not create value in the assets they appraise, they do form the bedrock of how entire industries understand (and perceive) their monetary worth. As such, the responsibility of an appraiser to perform their job diligently is critical; errors can be catastrophic. So who really gets to decide whether an appraisal is valid? After all, everyone has an opinion about what something should be worth. Luckily, in the United States we have the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP as we call it in the biz). There is a long history to the creation of USPAP that revolves around a need to standardize the methods that appraisers use in reaching value conclusions to enhance the overall credibility of valuations that the public relies upon. This standard provides a minimum construct that accredited appraisers MUST adhere to when doing effectively anything that relates to valuation services. USPAP does a great job in providing appraisers broad flexibility in how they approach individual appraisal assignments while issuing a framework for ethical and professional standards that one should uphold. Ultimately, it is the adherence and certification to the adherence of these standards that allows the public to trust the valuations they use daily. Now that there is an understanding of why all appraisals should be credible and valid, let me explain what happens when they simply, aren’t.

Appraisal Review: Structured Oversight

Just as USPAP provides structure to those writing appraisals, it also provides the standards for reviewing someone else’s appraisal assignment. This is know as Appraisal Review. Let’s say a particular asset finds itself in the middle of a legal dispute (no fault of its own), and the prosecution hires an appraiser to determine the value of said asset, in this case, let’s call it a Gulfstream G650. Maybe this appraisal is 2 pages long with little explanation of how this appraiser reached their value conclusions and it also comes out $9 million higher than an appraisal that was ordered by the bank one year prior. Reasonably, this appraisal might be called into question and a designated Appraisal Reviewer would be engaged to review the assignment. This review might be purely for verifying compliance with USPAP or it may include an opinion of value, if the reviewer is qualified to provide an aircraft appraisal. The reviewer would review the work and produce a report that explains (in heavy detail) any issues that were identified. Not only does this aid the jury in understanding how much weight to apply to that appraisal but it could result in having a misleading report removed from the case entirely.

More Training and a Higher Standard

The American Society of Appraisers (and most appraisal organizations) has a path for senior appraisers to become appraisal reviewers. In the ASA it requires completion of two 30 hour appraisal review and management courses with comprehensive exams as well as approval from a board of examiners. This allows those appraisers to review the work of other appraisers within their discipline (in my case that is “Machinery & Equipment”) for USPAP compliance or to issue an opinion about the actual value conclusions if they are equipped to do so (longer story for another day). These reviewers are called upon to continue to assure the public that the appraisal profession as a whole is not only credible but that there is oversight for instances where there may have been a shortfall. After all, entire industries depend on us.

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Author:

Cameron Tipton, ASA, ARM-MTS

accredited senior appraiser

appraisal review & management - MTS

Flight Level Partners

Graveyards, Hotels, & Bars - The Truth Behind Aircraft Retirement

planes spend their life safely transporting people across the globe, but what happens after the last flight?

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We talked about what puts perfectly good airplanes out of service, forever, but what happens to them once they’re grounded? Like everything else in aviation, it depends. The primary factors relate to the specific aircraft and the life left on the components and the activity of the remaining fleet - who has any use for the parts? Let’s say a high-time Pilatus PC-12/45 had a hangar collapse on the tail and it ripped the aft section of the plane in half. So we have a dramatic case of physical deprecation with some functional depreciation to seal the deal: the insurance company '“totals” the plane. However, in this case there is an active need for PC-12/45 parts and components so everything from the prop, engine, avionics and interior pieces can be sold to serve the remainder of the active fleet.

Let’s say the same scenario happens to a 1968 Beechcraft Queen Air. Odds are, it’s going to cost you (or your insurer) money to get rid of these parts. The avionics are obsolete, the engines have been out of production for over 30 years and it will cost more to harvest the metal than you could possibly gain from its sale. This means it’s going to the salvage yard. You may be familiar with aircraft “boneyards” where hundreds of aircraft are left sitting in the desert, their final resting place. Unfortunately, without some diligent planning retiring an airplane can be surprisingly expensive.

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It isn’t all doom and gloom, occasionally, there are more innovative solutions for the hull like turning it into a cocktail bar, a house, or using it on a movie set!

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El Avion

Manuel Antonio, Costa Rica

747 Wing House

Malibu, California

Jumbo Stay Hotel

Stockholm Arlanda Airport

727 Fuselage Home

Manuel Antonio, Costa Rica

If you own an older aircraft you may have wondered about what possibilities lie beyond the sky for your airplane. Clearly, the sky is not the limit, however, you may not be interested in opening a hotel in your retrofit Lear 35! If you think your aircraft may be approaching retirement it is probably a great time to speak with an expert that can help plan the next steps, because if there is one consistency in aviation - surprises are rarely good. Our team of aircraft appraisers can be a great resource for really getting into the numbers to truly understand the economics impacting your specific aircraft.

Driving Forces Behind Aircraft Retirement

All Good Things Come to an End

Aircraft frequently outlive the manufacturer life estimates, sometimes by multiple decades. This is great news for owners and operators who are looking to stretch their investment and helps maintain lower cost options in the used marketplace. However, as some of these aircraft approach 40+ years of faithful service, the shadow of retirement grows larger. So what happens if you’re holding onto an aircraft that is ready to make its last flight? How do you know it’s time? Let’s take a look.

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Walking a Fine-Line

The decision to retire an aircraft is not always as simple as a life-limit on the airframe, in fact, it’s usually a complex decision. There are three driving forces that drive the depreciation of an aircraft (in appraiser terms: “obsolescence”) that are worth explaining.

Physical Depreciation

This is the factor that is most obvious. As a plane ages, so do its parts. Sure, we can replace or rebuild a majority of the components, but things like the actual airframe will continue to wear down over time. Having an aircraft remain outside of the hangar for extended periods or failure to properly preserve the aircraft during inactivity can accelerate physical depreciation.

Economic Depreciation

Economic depreciation is best categorized by the loss in value by factors that are external to the aircraft. A great example is the FAA NEXTGEN requirements for 2020. For some older (but perfectly good) business jets, the cost to equip ADS-B Out by 2020 outweighs the value of the aircraft. Some older Learjet’s may have a “hull” value of $250,000 and ADS-B compliance may cost over $200,000 or there may not be an upgrade path at all.

Functional Depreciation

Functional depreciation is (basically) the loss in value of the aircraft when compared to a newer, more efficient model. A Citation II manufactured in 1980 will cost substantially more to operate than a newer Citation Bravo with more advanced components and more fuel efficient engines, therefore that value will be lower on the less desirable model.

when should you retire your plane?

It isn’t usually one single factor that forces an aircraft into retirement, but a growing number of each of these forms of depreciation until it is simply not economically viable to operate the aircraft any longer. Sure, that 40 year old biz jet may absolutely be airworthy and fly your ideal mission, but add in the growing cost of maintenance and a multi-hundred-thousand-dollar ADS-B Out solution and that value proposition quickly fades away.

Understanding the specific depreciation factors affecting your aircraft is complicated and retiring an aircraft without some advanced planning can be costly. If you own an older aircraft it’s critical that you maintain a pulse on the marketplace specific to your aircraft. Older aircraft can be a great value, but being blindsided by an expensive retirement can quickly wash away any money you saved.

If you own an older aircraft, here are 4 tips to stay ahead of the curve

1. Check model-specific trends quarterly. Did 10% of the fleet get retired in the last few months? That could be a sign that it’s time to sell.

2. Understand your maintenance schedule. Is your plane coming up on a heavy maintenance item (“D-Check”)? It might not be worth investing hundreds of thousands of dollars if the aircraft will need to be retired before the next major maintenance event.

3. Have a plan. Understanding your options ahead of time can save you a huge amount of heartache in the end. Do you want to be the last owner of this aircraft? Do you plan on donating this aircraft to a charity? Parting it out for salvage? Moving it to the desert? Answering these fundamental questions will help guide your ownership and will drastically improve your experience.

4. Talk with an accredited appraiser. Having someone in your back pocket with a constant pulse on the market is invaluable when your aircraft is near the end of its life. Appraisers are also connected with huge swaths of resources like salvage centers and museums and can provide solid unbiased guidance to help you make these tough decisions.

In the next blog, we’ll take a look at some of the uses aircraft have beyond the sky and the desert graveyards where thousands of aircraft rest untouched.

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Cameron Tipton, ASA

Author:

Cameron Tipton, ASA

co-founder/accredited senior appraiser

Flight level partners

How to Choose an Aircraft Appraiser: Comparing Appraisal Credentials

Aircraft Appraisal Organizations

In our previous article we gave our top 4 things to know before getting an appraisal. Hiring an accredited appraiser is critical and there are only 3 major accrediting organizations for aircraft appraisers. The next reasonable question is, which organization’s appraisers are best for your valuation?

Here are the facts:

American Society of Appraisers

The ASA has been in existence since 1936 and was one of the founding members of the Appraisal Institute, which created and continues to disseminate the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP) which is the congress-recognized guideline for appraisal development and reporting. Today, the ASA is the largest, multi-disciplinary, non-profit appraisal organization and its members are recognized worldwide as a cornerstone of ethical and professional appraisal practice.

The ASA has a specialized program for aircraft appraisers taught in conjunction with Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. The ASA requires successful completion of 4 Principals of Valuation courses for a total of 120 classroom hours, which each have an exam component that tests for comprehension of aircraft systems, finance, and valuation methodology. Candidates must then submit verifiable proof of experience in the aviation appraisal field, a 4-year college degree, and an appraisal report that all is reviewed by an international board of examiners. After receiving an accreditation, ASA appraisers are required to comply with USPAP and the ASA’s code of ethics. Appraiser’s must also fulfill the 120 hour continued education requirement every 5 years, proof of which must be submitted to the society. Flight Level’s appraisers hold their designations with the ASA.

International Society of Transport Aircraft Trading

ISTAT was founded as a non-profit educational and networking organization for professionals working in transport aircraft trading in 1983. Since then, ISTAT has developed an appraiser education and credentialing program for the valuation of transport category aircraft (think: airliners, commuters, etc…). ISTAT has varying levels of credentials that each require different levels of experience, and examination. At minimum, ISTAT Appraisers must have 5 years of experience in aviation with 2 years of full-time appraisal experience, pass a series of exams, provide proof of a 4 year college degree (or equivalent) and provide an appraisal that will be reviewed by a Board of Governors. After credentialing, Appraisers must complete on-going mandatory continued education.

ISTAT requires its members to adhere to the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP) development and reporting standards and uphold societal ethics.

Professional Aircraft Appraisal Organization, LLC

The PAAO was created from the remnants of the now defunct National Aircraft Appraisers Association (NAAA). PAAO was founded at the end of 2018 and is currently only accepting appraiser membership from former NAAA Appraisers. The NAAA previously certified appraisers at varying levels dependent on experience in aviation and after attending in-person training courses. The PAAO is currently working on an education pathway for future appraisers, but does not have one in place at the time of writing. The PAAO requires its members to adhere to a societal code of ethics and states that its members should adhere to USPAP development and reporting guidelines when valuing “turbine” aircraft. There is currently limited information regarding what requirements there will be for incoming candidates and what will be required for re-accreditation.

Picking an Appraiser

It’s important that the consumer understands what type of appraiser they are hiring since it may influence the credibility of a given report. An appraiser that has a credential restricted to valuing piston aircraft is probably not the best match for a Gulfstream valuation. Knowing the ins-and-outs of the different organizations empowers you to make well-informed, smart decisions. With money and assets on the line, mistakes can be catastrophic.

We believe the ASA holds the highest standards for their credentialed appraisers. Not only is it the oldest of the appraisal organizations, it also is the only multidisciplinary one; ensuring that appraisers of all fields are interconnected and have a pulse on not only their industry, but the economy and appraisal environment as a whole. The rigorous education, testing, credentialing and continued education requirements are recognized as the gold standard, worldwide. Flight Level is proud to have two aircraft appraisers accredited by the ASA.

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Corey DeWitt, AM

Author:

Corey DeWitt, AM

Co-Founder / Business Development

Flight Level Partners

Top 4 things to know before getting your aircraft appraised

Shedding light on aircraft appraisers

Appraiser credentials are, by far, the most common source of confusion in our industry. Here are the facts you need to know before approaching an “expert” for an appraisal:

1. There are ZERO consumer protections.

Most consumers are familiar with the appraisers from real property transactions, where there are a slew of regulatory consumer protections in place. Outside of real property appraisers, anyone can call themselves an appraiser of something - aircraft, art, surfboards, anything. This creates an environment for confusion, because it forces the end-user of appraisal services to determine the underlying credibility of the appraiser. Fortunately, there are organizations (which I will describe later) that accredit appraisers to perform aircraft appraisals. If you are not using an accredited appraiser you are at high risk of receiving a unreliable report.

2. Dealmakers May Not Be Impartial

Any number of aircraft dealers/brokers will provide you with a written appraisal. These parties are not inherently impartial since they are vying to be a member of the transaction and are concerned with either selling you on a number than makes you happy, or one that gets you to engage them as a broker. Accredited appraisers are held to ethical standards and must disclose any previous, current or prospective interest in the property. Maintaining impartiality is one of the key ethical requirements of an appraiser and an added layer of security with your valuation.

3. Someone Must Enforce Ethics & Best Practices

Appraisers who are accredited by a professional organization must uphold the standards of that organization or they will lose their credential. This is important. Non-accredited “appraisers” are not required to conform with any regulations or practices, nor is there a channel to report and remove unethical appraisers. Flight Level’s appraisers are both accredited with the ASA which strictly enforces compliance with the USPAP development/reporting guidelines, society ethics/practices and requires a minimum of 24 hours of continuing education in the appraiser’s field each year.

4. There are three organizations that accredit appraisers

While there are other organizations that claim to offer credentials the 3 that are professionally recognized are the: American Society of Appraisers (ASA), International Society of Transport Aircraft Trading (ISTAT), and the newly formed (2018) Professional Aircraft Appraisal Organization (PAAO). There are not any other organizations in the United States that provide education, testing, and credentials to aircraft appraisers. We will be comparing these organizations further in our next article.

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Next time you or your lender are in need of an appraisal, seek out an appraiser who is impartial, conforms to a standard for ethical conduct and is accredited by an appraisal organization. Of course, if you have further questions or concerns about appraisals, Flight Level’s team of ASA accredited appraisers is here to help.

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Author:

Cameron Tipton, ASA

co-founder/accredited senior appraiser

Flight level partners