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What is Appraisal Review? (and why it's important)
Appraisers provide critical valuations across every industry. What are the safeguards against erroneous reports? Who is keeping the industry in check? Let’s explore the behind-the-scenes truth of the appraisal practice and what it takes to be an appraisal reviewer.
The Credibility of an Entire Profession
Appraisers of all disciplines perform a critical role in the financing, insuring and transacting of all sorts of assets. While appraiser’s do not create value in the assets they appraise, they do form the bedrock of how entire industries understand (and perceive) their monetary worth. As such, the responsibility of an appraiser to perform their job diligently is critical; errors can be catastrophic. So who really gets to decide whether an appraisal is valid? After all, everyone has an opinion about what something should be worth. Luckily, in the United States we have the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP as we call it in the biz). There is a long history to the creation of USPAP that revolves around a need to standardize the methods that appraisers use in reaching value conclusions to enhance the overall credibility of valuations that the public relies upon. This standard provides a minimum construct that accredited appraisers MUST adhere to when doing effectively anything that relates to valuation services. USPAP does a great job in providing appraisers broad flexibility in how they approach individual appraisal assignments while issuing a framework for ethical and professional standards that one should uphold. Ultimately, it is the adherence and certification to the adherence of these standards that allows the public to trust the valuations they use daily. Now that there is an understanding of why all appraisals should be credible and valid, let me explain what happens when they simply, aren’t.
Appraisal Review: Structured Oversight
Just as USPAP provides structure to those writing appraisals, it also provides the standards for reviewing someone else’s appraisal assignment. This is know as Appraisal Review. Let’s say a particular asset finds itself in the middle of a legal dispute (no fault of its own), and the prosecution hires an appraiser to determine the value of said asset, in this case, let’s call it a Gulfstream G650. Maybe this appraisal is 2 pages long with little explanation of how this appraiser reached their value conclusions and it also comes out $9 million higher than an appraisal that was ordered by the bank one year prior. Reasonably, this appraisal might be called into question and a designated Appraisal Reviewer would be engaged to review the assignment. This review might be purely for verifying compliance with USPAP or it may include an opinion of value, if the reviewer is qualified to provide an aircraft appraisal. The reviewer would review the work and produce a report that explains (in heavy detail) any issues that were identified. Not only does this aid the jury in understanding how much weight to apply to that appraisal but it could result in having a misleading report removed from the case entirely.
More Training and a Higher Standard
The American Society of Appraisers (and most appraisal organizations) has a path for senior appraisers to become appraisal reviewers. In the ASA it requires completion of two 30 hour appraisal review and management courses with comprehensive exams as well as approval from a board of examiners. This allows those appraisers to review the work of other appraisers within their discipline (in my case that is “Machinery & Equipment”) for USPAP compliance or to issue an opinion about the actual value conclusions if they are equipped to do so (longer story for another day). These reviewers are called upon to continue to assure the public that the appraisal profession as a whole is not only credible but that there is oversight for instances where there may have been a shortfall. After all, entire industries depend on us.
Author:
Cameron Tipton, ASA, ARM-MTS
accredited senior appraiser
appraisal review & management - MTS
How to Choose an Aircraft Appraiser: Comparing Appraisal Credentials
There is a lot of confusion around the different appraisal organizations. ASA, NAAA, PAAO, ISTAT - what do all these letters mean to you? We take a close look at the organizations that credential aircraft appraisers and what it takes to become one for each.
Aircraft Appraisal Organizations
In our previous article we gave our top 4 things to know before getting an appraisal. Hiring an accredited appraiser is critical and there are only 3 major accrediting organizations for aircraft appraisers. The next reasonable question is, which organization’s appraisers are best for your valuation?
Here are the facts:
American Society of Appraisers
The ASA has been in existence since 1936 and was one of the founding members of the Appraisal Institute, which created and continues to disseminate the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP) which is the congress-recognized guideline for appraisal development and reporting. Today, the ASA is the largest, multi-disciplinary, non-profit appraisal organization and its members are recognized worldwide as a cornerstone of ethical and professional appraisal practice.
The ASA has a specialized program for aircraft appraisers taught in conjunction with Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. The ASA requires successful completion of 4 Principals of Valuation courses for a total of 120 classroom hours, which each have an exam component that tests for comprehension of aircraft systems, finance, and valuation methodology. Candidates must then submit verifiable proof of experience in the aviation appraisal field, a 4-year college degree, and an appraisal report that all is reviewed by an international board of examiners. After receiving an accreditation, ASA appraisers are required to comply with USPAP and the ASA’s code of ethics. Appraiser’s must also fulfill the 120 hour continued education requirement every 5 years, proof of which must be submitted to the society. Flight Level’s appraisers hold their designations with the ASA.
International Society of Transport Aircraft Trading
ISTAT was founded as a non-profit educational and networking organization for professionals working in transport aircraft trading in 1983. Since then, ISTAT has developed an appraiser education and credentialing program for the valuation of transport category aircraft (think: airliners, commuters, etc…). ISTAT has varying levels of credentials that each require different levels of experience, and examination. At minimum, ISTAT Appraisers must have 5 years of experience in aviation with 2 years of full-time appraisal experience, pass a series of exams, provide proof of a 4 year college degree (or equivalent) and provide an appraisal that will be reviewed by a Board of Governors. After credentialing, Appraisers must complete on-going mandatory continued education.
ISTAT requires its members to adhere to the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP) development and reporting standards and uphold societal ethics.
Professional Aircraft Appraisal Organization, LLC
The PAAO was created from the remnants of the now defunct National Aircraft Appraisers Association (NAAA). PAAO was founded at the end of 2018 and is currently only accepting appraiser membership from former NAAA Appraisers. The NAAA previously certified appraisers at varying levels dependent on experience in aviation and after attending in-person training courses. The PAAO is currently working on an education pathway for future appraisers, but does not have one in place at the time of writing. The PAAO requires its members to adhere to a societal code of ethics and states that its members should adhere to USPAP development and reporting guidelines when valuing “turbine” aircraft. There is currently limited information regarding what requirements there will be for incoming candidates and what will be required for re-accreditation.
Picking an Appraiser
It’s important that the consumer understands what type of appraiser they are hiring since it may influence the credibility of a given report. An appraiser that has a credential restricted to valuing piston aircraft is probably not the best match for a Gulfstream valuation. Knowing the ins-and-outs of the different organizations empowers you to make well-informed, smart decisions. With money and assets on the line, mistakes can be catastrophic.
We believe the ASA holds the highest standards for their credentialed appraisers. Not only is it the oldest of the appraisal organizations, it also is the only multidisciplinary one; ensuring that appraisers of all fields are interconnected and have a pulse on not only their industry, but the economy and appraisal environment as a whole. The rigorous education, testing, credentialing and continued education requirements are recognized as the gold standard, worldwide. Flight Level is proud to have two aircraft appraisers accredited by the ASA.
Corey DeWitt, AM